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diff --git a/jstests/noPassthrough/sharding_index_uniqueness.js b/jstests/noPassthrough/sharding_index_uniqueness.js
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+++ b/jstests/noPassthrough/sharding_index_uniqueness.js
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+/**
+ * Tests that an index with unique or prepareUnique option cannot be built on a sharded collection
+ * with an incompatible shard key, or the collection cannot be sharded with an incompatible
+ * unique/prepareUnique index.
+ *
+ * @tags: [
+ *   requires_sharding,
+ *   # TODO(SERVER-61182): Fix WiredTigerKVEngine::alterIdentMetadata() under inMemory.
+ *   requires_persistence,
+ * ]
+ */
+
+(function() {
+"use strict";
+
+const st = new ShardingTest({shards: 1, mongos: 1});
+const dbName = "db";
+const db = st.getDB(dbName);
+const collNamePrefix = jsTestName();
+let count = 0;
+
+assert.commandWorked(st.s.adminCommand({enableSharding: dbName}));
+
+// Cannot shard the collection with a conflicting prepareUnique index.
+let coll = db[collNamePrefix + count++];
+assert.commandWorked(coll.createIndex({a: 1}, {prepareUnique: 1}));
+assert.commandFailedWithCode(st.s.adminCommand({shardCollection: coll.getFullName(), key: {b: 1}}),
+                             ErrorCodes.InvalidOptions);
+// Can shard the collection with a compatible prepareUnique index.
+assert.commandWorked(st.s.adminCommand({shardCollection: coll.getFullName(), key: {a: 1}}));
+
+// Cannot shard the collection with a conflicting unique index.
+coll = db[collNamePrefix + count++];
+assert.commandWorked(coll.createIndex({a: 1}, {unique: 1}));
+assert.commandFailedWithCode(st.s.adminCommand({shardCollection: coll.getFullName(), key: {b: 1}}),
+                             ErrorCodes.InvalidOptions);
+// Can shard the collection with a compatible unique index.
+assert.commandWorked(st.s.adminCommand({shardCollection: coll.getFullName(), key: {a: 1}}));
+
+// Cannot create the index with a conflicting shard key.
+coll = db[collNamePrefix + count++];
+assert.commandWorked(st.s.adminCommand({shardCollection: coll.getFullName(), key: {b: 1}}));
+assert.commandFailedWithCode(coll.createIndex({a: 1}, {prepareUnique: 1}),
+                             ErrorCodes.CannotCreateIndex);
+assert.commandFailedWithCode(coll.createIndex({a: 1}, {unique: 1}), ErrorCodes.CannotCreateIndex);
+// Can create the index with a compatible shard key.
+assert.commandWorked(coll.createIndex({b: 1, a: 1}, {prepareUnique: 1}));
+assert.commandWorked(coll.createIndex({b: 1, c: 1}, {unique: 1}));
+
+// Cannot convert an index to prepareUnique with a conflicting shard key.
+coll = db[collNamePrefix + count++];
+assert.commandWorked(st.s.adminCommand({shardCollection: coll.getFullName(), key: {b: 1}}));
+assert.commandWorked(coll.createIndex({a: 1}));
+assert.commandFailedWithCode(
+    db.runCommand({collMod: coll.getName(), index: {keyPattern: {a: 1}, prepareUnique: true}}),
+    ErrorCodes.InvalidOptions);
+// Can convert an index to prepareUnique and unique with a compatible shard key.
+assert.commandWorked(coll.createIndex({b: 1, d: 1}));
+assert.commandWorked(db.runCommand(
+    {collMod: coll.getName(), index: {keyPattern: {b: 1, d: 1}, prepareUnique: true}}));
+assert.commandWorked(
+    db.runCommand({collMod: coll.getName(), index: {keyPattern: {b: 1, d: 1}, unique: true}}));
+
+st.stop();
+})();