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diff --git a/jstests/sharding/balancing_based_on_size.js b/jstests/sharding/balancing_based_on_size.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..60e5dec3b7f
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+++ b/jstests/sharding/balancing_based_on_size.js
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+/*
+ * Test that the balancer is redistributing data based on the actual amount of data
+ * for a collection on each node, converging when the size difference becomes small.
+ *
+ * @tags: [
+ *     featureFlagBalanceAccordingToDataSize,
+ *     requires_fcv_60,
+ * ]
+ */
+
+(function() {
+'use strict';
+
+load("jstests/sharding/libs/find_chunks_util.js");
+
+const maxChunkSizeMB = 1;
+const st = new ShardingTest(
+    {shards: 2, mongos: 1, other: {chunkSize: maxChunkSizeMB, enableBalancer: false}});
+const dbName = 'test';
+const coll = st.getDB(dbName).getCollection('foo');
+const ns = coll.getFullName();
+const mongos = st.s;
+const shard0 = st.shard0.shardName;
+const shard1 = st.shard1.shardName;
+
+// Shard collection with one chunk on shard0 [MinKey, 0) and one chunk on shard1 [0, MinKey)
+assert.commandWorked(mongos.adminCommand({enablesharding: dbName, primaryShard: shard0}));
+assert.commandWorked(mongos.adminCommand({shardcollection: ns, key: {_id: 1}}));
+assert.commandWorked(mongos.adminCommand({split: ns, middle: {_id: 0}}));
+assert.commandWorked(mongos.adminCommand({moveChunk: ns, find: {_id: 0}, to: shard1}));
+
+const bigString = 'X'.repeat(1024 * 1024);  // 1MB
+
+// Insert 10MB of documents in range [MinKey, 0) on shard0
+var bulk = coll.initializeUnorderedBulkOp();
+for (var i = -1; i > -11; i--) {
+    bulk.insert({_id: i, s: bigString});
+}
+assert.commandWorked(bulk.execute());
+
+// Insert 3MB of documents in range [0, MaxKey) on shard1
+bulk = coll.initializeUnorderedBulkOp();
+for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+    bulk.insert({_id: i, s: bigString});
+}
+assert.commandWorked(bulk.execute());
+
+// Create 3 more chunks on shard0
+assert.commandWorked(mongos.adminCommand({split: ns, middle: {_id: 1}}));
+assert.commandWorked(mongos.adminCommand({split: ns, middle: {_id: 2}}));
+assert.commandWorked(mongos.adminCommand({split: ns, middle: {_id: 3}}));
+
+// At this point, the distribution of chunks for the testing collection is the following:
+//  - On shard0 (10MB):
+//     { "_id" : { "$minKey" : 1 } } -->> { "_id" : 0 }
+//  - On shard1 (3MB):
+//     { "_id" : 0 } -->> { "_id" : 1 }
+//     { "_id" : 1 } -->> { "_id" : 2 }
+//     { "_id" : 2 } -->> { "_id" : 3 }
+//     { "_id" : 3 } -->> { "_id" : { "$maxKey" : 1 } }
+jsTestLog("Printing sharding status before starting balancer");
+st.printShardingStatus();
+st.startBalancer();
+
+st.awaitCollectionBalance(coll, 60000 /* timeout */, 1000 /* interval */);
+const chunksBeforeNoopRound = findChunksUtil.findChunksByNs(st.config, ns).toArray();
+
+// Check that the collection is balanced
+st.verifyCollectionIsBalanced(coll);
+
+// Wait for some more rounds and then check the balancer is not wrongly moving around data
+st.forEachConfigServer((conn) => {
+    conn.adminCommand({
+        configureFailPoint: 'overrideBalanceRoundInterval',
+        mode: 'alwaysOn',
+        data: {intervalMs: 100}
+    });
+});
+
+st.awaitBalancerRound();
+st.awaitBalancerRound();
+st.awaitBalancerRound();
+
+st.stopBalancer();
+jsTestLog("Printing sharding status after stopping balancer");
+st.printShardingStatus();
+
+// Check that no move has been performed during the noop rounds (if the routing table did not
+// change, it means data are still balanced)
+const chunksAfterNoopRound = findChunksUtil.findChunksByNs(st.config, ns).toArray();
+assert.eq(chunksBeforeNoopRound, chunksAfterNoopRound);
+
+st.stop();
+})();